▎ 摘　　要

A tri-layer electrochemical actuator was fabricated by the electrodeposition of polypyrrole (PPy) onto a sulfonated graphene (SG)/reduced graphene oxide (RGO) bi-layer film. In this actuator, PPy and RGO were acted as actuation and conductive inert layers, respectively. The SG layer was used to enhance the interfacial interactions. The tri-layer actuator exhibited high and stable actuating performance for over 1000 actuation cycles, and the lifetime of the actuator was tested to be about 5000 cycles. The bending angle of the actuator is larger than 360 degrees and its movement rate was higher than 150 degrees s(-1) under a driving potential of 1.0 V versus saturated calomel electrode. Furthermore, the low weight density of graphene based supporting layer greatly lowered the energy or charge consuming of the actuator during electrochemical actuation. (C) 2012 Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved.