▎ 摘　　要

The potential uses of graphene-based nanomaterials (NMs) in various fields lead to the concern about their neurotox-icity, considering that graphene-based NMs are capable to cross blood brain barrier (BBB) and enter central nervous system (CNS). Although previous studies reported the possibility of graphene-based NM exposure to alter lipid homeo-stasis in animals or cultured neurons, recent studies suggested the need to use 3D human brain organoids for mechanism-based toxicological studies as this model might better recapitulate the complex human brains. Herein, we used multi-omics techniques to investigate the mechanisms of graphene oxide (GO) on lipid homeostasis in a novel 3D brain organoid model. We found that 50 mu g/mL GO induced cytotoxicity but not superoxide. RNA -sequencing data showed that 50 mu g/mL GO significantly up-regulated and down-regulated 80 and 121 genes, respec-tively. Furthermore, we found that GO exposure altered biological molecule metabolism pathways including lipid me-tabolism. Consistently, lipidomics data supported dose-dependent alteration of lipid profiles by GO in 3D brain organoids. Interestingly, co-exposure to GO and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inhibitor 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA) decreased most of the lipid classes compared with the exposure of GO only. We further verified that exposure to GO promoted ER stress marker GRP78 proteins, which in turn activated IRE1 alpha/XBP-1 axis, and these changes were partially or completely inhibited by 4-PBA. These results proved that direct contact with GO disrupted lipid homeosta-sis through the activation of ER stress. As 3D brain organoids resemble human brains, these data might be better ex-trapolated to humans.