▎ 摘　　要

The review generalizes information on methods for modification of graphene-based carbon materials through creation of structural defects, introduction of substitutional impurities, adsorption of impurity atoms and mechanical deformations. Graphene ribbons and nano-flakes, graphene allotropes, as well as multi-layer graphenes and graphene-containing hybrid carbon structures are considered. Methods of synthesis and the results of studies on the properties and simulation of graphene derivatives (graphane, graphone and fluorographene) are discussed. The results obtained in studies of related non-carbon graphene-like materials including silicon-, germanium- and tin-based structural analogues of graphene, graphene- like binary phases SiC, GeC, SiGe, SiSn, etc., as well as compounds A(III)B(V) (white graphene, etc.) and A(II)B(VI) (BeO, ZnO, ZnS) are generalized. Other graphene-like materials including metal dichalcogenides, oxides and carbides are briefly outlined. The bibliography includes 605 references.