▎ 摘　　要

Electrothermal actuators (ETAs) are intelligent devices that can produce various movements from thermal expansion induced by Joule heating. In this work, to build a low normalized voltage-driven and low-working-temperature ETA, reduced graphene oxide (rGO) paper with high electrothermal performance and flexibility was adopted as the electrothermal-active materials. The high electrothermal performance of the prepared rGO-60 papers was demonstrated as that a steady-state temperature of 306.1 degrees C was achieved at a normalized voltage of 2.67 V. Then a bilayer-structured ETA based on rGO-60 and polyethylene (PE) was developed in a simple and mass production possible process. Under a normalized driving voltage of 0.449 V, the prepared rGO-60/PE ETA showed a bending curvature of 2.22 cm(-1) at a working temperature of 43.8 degrees C. Finally, a simple robotic finger prepared by using a single rGO-60/PE ETA was demonstrated to hook the spitball, which is more than 16 times the weight itself. With the advantages of its low-voltage driving, low working temperature and easy to manufacture, the rGO/PE-based electrothermal actuators have a promising application in soft robotics and intelligent systems.