▎ 摘　　要

Grapheme-oxide (GO) and its most encountered derivatives, thermally reduced graphene oxide (TRGO) and nitrogen-doped graphene (N-Gr), were synthesized and structurally characterized by spectroscopic techniques, like Raman and C-13 MAS solid state NMR. Several biological effects (cytotoxicity, oxidative stress induction, and cellular and mithocondrial membrane alterations) induced by such graphene-based materials on human dental follicle stem cells were investigated. Grapheme oxide shows the lowest cytotoxic effect, followed by the nitrogen-doped graphene, while thermally reduced graphene oxide exhibits high cytotoxic effects. Graphene oxide induces oxidative stress without causing cell membrane damage. Nitrogen-doped graphene shows a slight antioxidant activity; however, at high doses (20 and 40 mu g/ml) it causes membrane damage. Both grapheme oxide and nitrogen-doped graphene seem to be valuable candidates for usage in dental nanocomposites. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.