▎ 摘　　要

This is a specially commissioned editorial from the Graphene Flagship Work Package on Health and Environment. This editorial is part of the 2D Materials focus collection on 'Progress on the science and applications of two-dimensional materials', published in association with the Graphene Flagship. It provides an overview of key, recent advances from the 'Health and Environment' work package and is not intended as a comprehensive review of this field.