▎ 摘　　要

Galactose (Gal), lactose (Lac), and glucose (Glu) derived carbon dots (CDs) were evaluated for their utility as electrochemical sensing composites using acetaminophen (APAP) as a probe molecule. The goal of this work is to ascertain the role of graphene defects on electrochemical activity. Higher sp(2)-to-sp(3) hybridized carbon ratios (in parentheses) in the CDs correlated with higher sensitivity in the order according to measured Raman I-G/I-D intensities: GluCDs (6.53)