▎ 摘　　要

One of the most critical issues in graphite exfoliation is realizing efficient, low-cost, eco-friendly, and scalable production of graphene for energy storage applications. The most promising strategies for exfoliating graphite to single-layer graphene sheets in scalable quantities with nearly non-oxidized content is the exfoliation of graphite by using an environmentally friendly solution. Herein, we demonstrate a universal exfoliation principle that uses imidazole, which has an anionic nature and pi-conjugated heterocyclic coplanar structure, as the exfoliant for the successful production of large quantities of graphene suspensions in water. The exfoliant interacts with both surfaces of the exfoliated graphene sheets and the aqueous solution, significantly improving graphene dispersion (1 mg/mL) in water. Exfoliation in aqueous solutions produced graphene in high yield (>90%,