▎ 摘　　要

Graphene is a two-dimensional carbon nanomaterial. It consists of a planar film composed of carbon atoms with sp2 hybrid orbitals, which is hexagonal and honeycomb in shape. The thickness of graphene is only 0.34 nm, and the unique two-dimensional lattice and electron structure of graphene also makes it possess excellent physical and chemical properties. When the traditional carbon material cannot detect some substances with very similar oxidation potential or some at ultra-trace level, the emergence of graphene replaces the traditional carbon material and provides the possibility for the preparation of biochemical sensors that can measure the above substances, which has a very broad development prospect. Based on the excellent properties of graphene, this paper starts from four common biochemical substances in daily life, including explosives, pesticides, pathogens and toxins and introduces the principle and effects of various biochemical sensors based on graphene and its composites for these four substances. Finally, the future development trend is prospected.