▎ 摘　　要

Pt, PtRu, PtNi and PtRuNi nanoparticles are assembled to few-layered graphene (FLG) and the resulting hybrids are examined as catalysts for the electro-oxidation of methanol and ethanol. The structures of the catalysts are characterized using transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The compositional and electronic properties of the nanoparticles are analyzed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The activity of the catalysts towards methanol and ethanol electro-oxidation is studied by cyclic voltammetry, linear sweeping voltammetry and chronoamperometry. It is found that the activity of the catalysts follows the sequence of Pt/FLG < PtNi/FLG < PtRu/FLG < PtRuNi/FLG. The activity of the catalysts is well correlated with the structural characteristics. The superior activity of the PtRuNi/FLG catalyst is attributed to the synergistic effects of Pt, Ru and Ni, as explained by the bi-functional, ligand and strain effects. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.