▎ 摘　　要

In this work, a metal-free electrode substrate with unequal amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus co-doped graphene (N, P-G) and different spacer contents is synthesized from activated carbon (AC) via a one-step synthesis technique. Characterization of the chemical structures of this material shows that it has more active bonds and improves electrochemical performance as the anneal temperature increase. The unequal dope by the ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus is more than 2:1 can significantly improve oxidation-reduction reaction (ORR). With a mass ratio of 10% platinum, carbon (Pt/C) to 10% AC @ N, P-G as 2:1, the P-G composite electrodes demonstrate superior heat dissipation performance in comparison to traditional Pt/C electrodes due to the higher thermal uniformity and shorter thermal transport response time. With AC @ N, P-G as the electrode substrate material, a maximum output performance of 0.551 Wcm(-2) is obtained at various temperatures, humidities, and mass ratio conditions, indicate a composite material with excellent ORR stability and high heat dissipation capacity on the electrode surface. Our experimental results show that an electrode substrate material with unequal amounts of N, P-G with AC spacer content is a promising candidate as a non-metallic substrate for proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.