▎ 摘　　要

NOVELTY - A filtration apparatus consists of support substrate, and a graphene oxide membrane (100) arranged on the support substrate. The graphene oxide membrane comprises graphene oxide sheets (110). Each of the graphene oxide sheets coupled to an adjacent graphene oxide sheet through chemical linker (120). The graphene oxide membrane has a flux of at least about 2.5x 10-4 gallons per square foot per day per psi (GFD/psi) with a 1 wt.% lactose solution at room temperature. The graphene oxide membrane has a lactose rejection rate (R1) of at least 50% with 1 wt.% lactose solution (S1). USE - Filtration apparatus used for processing black liquor (claimed). Uses include but are not limited to nanofiltration or microfiltration applications, concentration of molecules, desalting, fractionation, extraction, recovery process, purification, and point-of-use water purification for military operation missions. DETAILED DESCRIPTION - An INDEPENDENT CLAIM is included for processing of black liquor, which involves flowing black liquor through the filtration apparatus. The black liquor comprises lignin, sodium sulfate, sodium carbonate, sodium hydrosulfide, sodium thiosulfate, and/or sodium hydroxide. DESCRIPTION OF DRAWING(S) - The drawing shows a schematic view of the graphene oxide membrane. Graphene oxide membrane (100) Graphene oxide sheets (110) Chemical linkers (120) Ends (122,124)