▎ 摘　　要

NOVELTY - Electrode (10) comprises: (a) a working area (16); and (b) at least one electrical connection for operatively connecting the working area to an electrical circuit. The working area comprises a laser-induced graphene (LIG) pattern comprising: (i) a porous, multi-layered, turbostratic structure graphene (14) for effective for heterogenous charge transport; and (ii) the highly porous graphene functionalized for application as one of: an electrode-based biochemical sensor with a biorecoginition agent; an electrode-based ion selective sensor with an ionophore; an electrode-based pesticide monitor; electrode-based water splitter; or an electrode-based pesticide detector free of a bio-recognition agent. USE - The electrode is useful for electrode-based operations comprising electrode-based biochemical sensing with a biorecoginition agent; electrode-based ion selective sensing with an ionophore; electrode-based pesticide monitoring; electrode-based water splitting; or electrode-based pesticide detecting free of a bio-recognition agent; for pesticide detection, where the pesticide of interest comprises one of neonicotinoids, glyphosate, atrazine, and dichlofenthion; and for energy harvesting (all claimed). ADVANTAGE - The method can make economical, disposable, highly sensitive, rapid, in-field electrode. DETAILED DESCRIPTION - INDEPENDENT CLAIMS are included for: (1) electrode-based operations which involves: (a) direct writing of a laser induced graphene (LIG) pattern; (b) functionalizing portion (15) of the LIG pattern adapted for one of: (i) electrode-based biochemical sensing with a biorecoginition agent; (ii) electrode-based ion selective sensing with an ionophore; (iii) electrode-based pesticide monitoring; (iv) electrode-based water splitting; or (v) electrode-based pesticide detecting free of a bio-recognition agent; (c) placing the electrode in operative position for the application; and (d) conducting impedimetric, potentiometric, or electric operations with the functionalized LIG pattern; and (2) making an economical, disposable, highly sensitive, rapid, in-field electrode which involves: (a) scanning a laser over a carbon-containing thin-film or sheet substrate (12) to create a high porosity LIG pattern; and (b) functionalizing at least a portion of the high porosity LIG pattern for an application. DESCRIPTION OF DRAWING(S) - The drawing shows a high-level generalized diagram of LIG electrode. Electrode (10) Substrate (12) Graphene (14) Portion (15) Working area (16)