▎ 摘　　要

NOVELTY - Nanostructure comprises: many substantially spherically curved carbon layers having diameters of 1-1000 nm; and many nitrogen atoms attached to an outer convex side of the carbon layers. USE - The nanostructure is useful in composition of matter for fabricating an additive for liquid fuel (all claimed). ADVANTAGE - The nanostructure provides a combination of the fuel and the additive that exhibits at least one of a catalytic improvement of the combustion process of the fuel, an increase in the burning efficiency of the fuel, and improvement of at least one property of the fuel, including extreme pressure properties, anti-wear properties, and antioxidation properties of the liquid fuel. DETAILED DESCRIPTION - INDEPENDENT CLAIMS are also included for: (1) a composition of matter comprising a liquid fuel and an additive comprising at least one liquid and many carbon nano-onions; and (2) fabricating an additive for liquid fuel, comprising creating a carbon-based material using a plasma generated by kilohertz-range, high voltage, pulsed electrical discharges in an environment comprising at least one hydrocarbon gas and/or at least one liquid containing hydrocarbons, organometallic metal-complex, and/or element-organic compounds, evaporating organic material from the carbon-based material, nitrating the carbon-based material and extracting carbon nano-onions from the nitrated carbon-based material. DESCRIPTION OF DRAWING(S) - The figure shows a schematic view of the apparatus for fabricating the carbon-based material. Apparatus (300) Reactor chamber (310) Source (320) Output receptacle (330) First electrode (350)