▎ 摘　　要

NOVELTY - Graphene core particle comprises pristine graphene nanosheets having a pristine graphene nanosheet surface and a coating layer covering at least 50% of the pristine graphene nanosheet surface, where the coating layer comprising an organic and/or inorganic compound having a solubility in 1 wt.% water at 25 degrees C, the organic and/or inorganic compound attached to the pristine graphene nanosheet to form the coating layer, the pristine graphene nanosheets, the organic and/or inorganic compound of the coating layer is used present a functional group capable of binding a corresponding functional group in an aqueous solution. USE - The particle is useful: in graphene biosensor; detecting activity of biomarker in biological sample (all claimed); and in biology research, applied biology, bio-engineering, aetiology, medical research, medical diagnostics and therapeutics fields. ADVANTAGE - The particle has physical or chemical properties, such as size volume, density or mass. DETAILED DESCRIPTION - INDEPENDENT CLAIMs are also included for: (1) graphene biosensor (S1) used to detect a target biomarker, comprising a graphene core particle, and a detectable moiety capable of emitting a fluorescent signal, the detectable moiety attached to the core particle through a peptide linkage comprising a recognition sequence specific for a target biomarker, where the coating layer and the peptide linkage are configured to set a quenching distance between the graphene nanosheets and the detectable moiety in which the graphene nanosheet quenches the fluorescent signal of the detectable moiety, the peptide linkage is further configured to set, upon recognition by the target biomarker of the recognition sequence, an emitting distance between the graphene nanosheets and the detectable moiety where the graphene nanosheet does not quench the fluorescent signal of the detectable moiety, and the target biomarker specific peptide linkage and the detectable moiety thus form a target specific detectable component configured to emit a detectable fluorescent signal upon modification of the peptide linkage by the target biomarker; (2) multiplex graphene biosensor (S2), comprising the graphene core particle and target specific detectable components attached to the core particle, where each target specific detectable component is formed by a detectable moiety capable of emitting a fluorescent signal, the detectable moiety attached to a peptide linkage comprising a recognition sequence specific for a target biomarker, where each target specific detectable component the peptide linkage is used to provide in combination with the coating layer of the core particle, a quenching distance between the detectable moiety and the graphene sheet core particle, the graphene nanosheet quenches the fluorescent signal of the detectable moiety, and the recognition sequence for the target biomarker of each detectable component is used to specifically detect a target biomarker and the plurality of detectable components is selected to specifically detect different target biomarkers; (3) composition comprising core particles and/or graphene biosensors (S1)-(S2) in combination with a suitable auxiliary agent; (4) detecting (M1) the activity of a biomarker in a biological sample comprising contacting a biological sample with the graphene biosensors (S1)-(S2) to create a reaction solution, and detecting a change in the reaction solution; (5) system (T1) for detecting the activity of a biomarker in a biological sample, the system comprising biosensors (S1)-(S2) and reagents for simultaneous combined or sequential use in a method of detection the activity of a biomarker in a biological sample; (6) multiplexed detection (M2) of the activity of biomarker in a biological sample, comprising contacting a biological sample with a multiplex biosensors (S1)-(S2) used to present detectable components specific for the biomarkers, the contacting performed to create a reaction solution, and detecting a change in the reaction solution and/or contacting the biological sample with multiple biosensors (S1)-(S2) each presenting a peptide linkage specific for one biomarker of the biomarkers; (7) system (T2) for multiplexed detection of the activity of many biomarker in a biological sample, comprising a multiplex biosensors (S1)-(S2) and/or biosensor each presenting a peptide linkage specific for one biomarker of the biomarkers as well as optionally a plurality of and reagents for simultaneous combined or sequential use in a method of multiplex detection the activity of a biomarker in a biological sample; (8) making (M3) the graphene core particle, comprising providing a pristine graphene nanosheet having a graphene surface, and coating the graphene surface with a layer of organic and/or inorganic molecules; (9) system (T3) for making the graphene core particle, comprising a pristine graphene nanosheet having a graphene surface and reagents to chemically transform, the graphene surface to provide pristine graphene nanosheets coated with a coating layer; (10) making (M4) a biosensor, comprising providing the graphene core particle and attaching to the graphene surface a detectable moiety through a peptide linkage; and (11) system (T4) for making a biosensor comprising a pristine graphene nanosheet having a graphene surface, a peptide linkage, a detectable moiety and reagents for attaching the detectable moiety to the graphene surface through the peptide linkage.