▎ 摘　　要

NOVELTY - Stabilization material comprises defect-free graphene. USE - Stabilization material for energy storage device. ADVANTAGE - The stabilization material improves electrochemical performance. DETAILED DESCRIPTION - INDEPENDENT CLAIMS are included for the following: (1) a method for stabilizing energy storage device, which involves providing energy storage device comprises electrode and separator and applying stabilization material to electrode or separator, applying stabilization material in amount sufficient to prevent or minimize dendrite formation or growth during cycling, stabilizing electrode/electrolyte interphase or stabilizing solid electrolyte interphase (SEI); (2) a method for synthesizing defect-free graphene, which involves providing graphene precursor to flow-aided sonication apparatus, graphene precursor comprises particulates, flow-aided sonication apparatus comprises flow channel positioned along an axis, flow channel has first opening and second opening, second opening opposite of the first opening, graphene precursor entering the flow channel through the first opening, aligning edges of the particulates parallel to axis A and imposing sonication shockwave to the edges of the aligned particulates of the graphene precursor, imposing sonication shockwave to the graphene precursor in a propagation direction perpendicular to the edges of the particulates such that planes of the sonication shockwave are parallel to the edges of the particulates, synthesizing defect-free graphene; and (3) a electrode, which comprises defect-free graphene.