▎ 摘　　要

NOVELTY - A composite membrane, comprises: a porous graphene layer; and a porous support substrate that includes a surface configured in contact with the porous graphene layer, where the surface of the porous support substrate includes at least one of: a thermo-formed polymer characterized by a glass transition temperature, a woven fibrous membrane, and/or a nonwoven fibrous membrane, where at least one additional woven fibrous membrane or nonwoven fibrous membrane is configured in contact with the porous support substrate, and where the porous support substrate is substantially fibrous. USE - As composite membranes (claimed) useful for separations of gases, liquids and solutions. ADVANTAGE - The composite membranes permit the use of highly porous woven or nonwoven fibrous support membranes instead of intermediate porous membrane supports. DETAILED DESCRIPTION - INDEPENDENT CLAIMS are included for the following: (1) preparing a composite membrane, involving: contacting a second surface of a porous graphene layer to a first surface of an adherent polymer or a thermo-formable polymer, where a first surface of the porous graphene layer is configured in contact with a growth substrate; removing the porous graphene layer together with the adherent polymer from the growth substrate to form the composite membrane or heating the first surface of the porous graphene layer and the thermo-formable polymer above a glass transition temperature; contacting the first surface or the second surface of the porous graphene layer to a surface of a porous support substrate to form the composite membrane; and heating the porous graphene layer and the adherent polymer above the glass transition temperature while contacting the second surface of the porous graphene layer to the first surface of the adherent polymer; and (2) a system for manufacturing a composite membrane, comprising: an adherent polymer source; a polymer film manipulator; a sample manipulator a heater; a temperature sensor; a porous support source; and a controller coupled to the adherent polymer source, the polymer film manipulator, and the porous support source.