▎ 摘　　要

NOVELTY - Graphene is synthesized by applying a voltage pulse across a conductive carbon source that is substantially not graphene. USE - Synthesis of graphene, particularly turbostratic graphene, for use as scale inhibitor or as corrosion inhibitor and for use in optical devices, optoelectronic devices, and devices operable for field emission of electrons or photons (all claimed). ADVANTAGE - The synthesis of different kinds of 2D materials is performed in millisecond timescales, and the cost of this method is very low. Compared with the other methods, such as chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and hydrothermal methods, a higher yield can be obtained in a much shorter time period, and without the need to use any solvent in the progress (which is much more economical). The voltage pulse process is very short, which makes it possible to synthesize some metastable forms of 2D materials that are very hard to synthesize by other methods. DETAILED DESCRIPTION - INDEPENDENT CLAIMS are included for: (1) synthesis of graphene by applying voltage pulse across conductive carbon sources that are substantially not graphene, where, when applying the voltage pulse across conductive carbon sources, there are heteroatoms present to afford a doped or heteroatom-containing graphene product; (2) apparatus for continuous and automated graphene synthesis from conductive carbon source comprising carbon feed stock comprising conductive carbon source that is substantially not graphene, non-conductive vessel operable for constraining the conductive carbon source, and electrodes that are operable for applying a voltage pulse across the conductive carbon source within the non-conductive vessel to synthesize graphene; (3) system comprising the apparatus for graphene synthesis; (4) formation of a two-dimensional (2D) material, which involves selecting a precursor material comprising a precursor and applying a voltage pulse across the material to form the 2D material; (5) apparatus for automated generation of 2D material from precursor material comprising precursor material comprising a precursor, non-conductive vessel operable for constraining the precursor material, and electrodes that are operable for applying a voltage pulse across the precursor material within the non-conductive vessel to prepare a 2D material; (6) system comprising the apparatus for automated generation of 2D material from precursor material; (7) synthesis of bulk amounts of turbostratic graphene; (8) synthesis of turbostratic graphene which involves applying a voltage pulse across a conductive carbon source that is substantially not graphene; (9) bulk graphene material in which a majority of the bulk graphene material is turbostratic graphene, and the bulk graphene material has a weight of greater than or equal to 1 g; (10) composite material comprising turbostratic graphene and a 2nd material; (11) dry lubricant comprising turbostratic graphene; (12) composition of low-defect turbostratic graphene; (13) chemical covalent functionalization of turbostratic graphene, where functionalization atom is selected from oxygen, carbon, metals, sulfur, phosphorus, non-metals, and/or metalloids; (14) chemical non-covalent functionalization of turbostratic graphene by surfactants, DNA, proteins, polymers, aromatics, small organic molecules, gases, groundwater contaminants, biological cells, microorganisms, polychlorinated biphenyls, perchlorates, and/or borates; (15) use method which involves selecting a material comprising turbostratic graphene and utilizing the material as a scale inhibitor or as a corrosion inhibitor; and (16) sensor device comprising turbostratic graphene, which is operable in the sensor device to change an electrical property based upon the adsorption of an analyte.