▎ 摘　　要

NOVELTY - Composition of graphene-based nanomaterials, comprises at least one atomic layer of graphene monoxide, where the graphene monoxide is crystallographically ordered at least in part and configured to form many diffraction rings when probed by an incident electron beam. USE - The composition is useful in nanostructure, gas sensor, electrochemical cell, electronic device (all claimed), transistors, optoelectronic devices, and single-use or rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. ADVANTAGE - The graphene based anode have high surface area to volume ratio, which improves gravimetric capacity of the anode compared to conventional anodes made of graphite. Multilayers of the graphene-based materials may have attractive lithium intercalation and deintercalation properties. DETAILED DESCRIPTION - INDEPENDENT CLAIMS are also included for: (1) a nanostructure comprising graphene-based nanomaterials, where the nanostructure is configured to support at least one of a metal or metal oxide atom, cluster, and nanocrystal; (2) a gas sensor comprising: (a) at least one electrode formed on a substrate and adapted to be operatively connected to a meter to measure an electrical characteristic between the electrodes; (b) at least one nanostructure in contact with the electrodes; and (c) at least one nanoparticle deposited on the nanostructures, where the nanoparticles include the graphene-based nanomaterials; (3) an electrochemical cell comprising: an anode including the graphene-based nanomaterials; a cathode; a separator; and an electrolyte; (4) an electronic device comprising: at least one semiconducting element including the graphene-based nanomaterials; and at least one junction positioned between the graphene-based nanomaterials, where the junctions include conducting and insulating materials, and the graphene-based nanomaterials are associated with a tunable energy bandgap; (5) synthesizing graphene-based nanomaterials comprising: dissolving a carbon-based precursor in water to form a precursor suspension; placing the precursor suspension onto a substrate to form a precursor assembly; and annealing the precursor assembly to form graphene-based nanomaterials; and (6) engineering an energy bandgap of graphene monoxide comprising: providing at least one atomic layer of graphene monoxide having a first energy bandgap; and applying a substantially planar strain to the graphene monoxide, thus tuning the first energy bandgap to a second energy bandgap.