▎ 摘　　要

NOVELTY - Making a solar cell having a transparent electrode involves depositing multiple nanoparticles on a surface of a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) substrate, heating the CVD substrate and the nanoparticles to a temperature of 900°C at sub-atmospheric pressure, and contacting a gaseous mixture comprising methane and hydrogen with the nanoparticles and the CVD substrate. The hydrogen catalyzes a reaction between the methane and the CVD substrate to deposit carbon atoms on the surface of the CVD substrate for forming a composite layer with a graphene layer. The nanoparticles are embedded in the graphene layer and extend through a thickness of the graphene layer. The CVD substrate and the composite layer are cooled. The transparent substrate is disposed on the composite layer. The CVD substrate is removed with an etchant for fabricating the transparent electrode. The nanoparticles are in direct contact with the transparent substrate. USE - Method for making a solar cell having a transparent electrode. ADVANTAGE - The presence of the gap between the graphene layer and the transparent substrate allow electrons of graphene to freely move without interference from defects present on the surface of the substrate when pulled by an electric field. The electron mobility of the composite layer is at least 30,000 cm2/(V.s). The surface resistivity of the composite layer is in the range of 10-500 Ω/square. DETAILED DESCRIPTION - Making a solar cell having a transparent electrode involves depositing multiple nanoparticles on a surface of a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) substrate, heating the CVD substrate and the nanoparticles to a temperature of 900°C at sub-atmospheric pressure, and contacting a gaseous mixture comprising methane and hydrogen with the nanoparticles and the CVD substrate. The hydrogen catalyzes a reaction between the methane and the CVD substrate to deposit carbon atoms on the surface of the CVD substrate for forming a composite layer with a graphene layer. The nanoparticles are embedded in the graphene layer and extend through a thickness of the graphene layer. The CVD substrate and the composite layer are cooled. The transparent substrate is disposed on the composite layer. The transparent substrate is selected from quartz, glass, polymethylmethacrylate, polydimethylsiloxane, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polyacrylate, polymethacrylate, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyethernitrile, polyethersulfone, polystyrene, polycarbonate, styrene acrylonitrile, styrene methyl methacrylate, and methyl methacrylate butadiene styrene. The CVD substrate is removed with an etchant for fabricating the transparent electrode. The nanoparticles are in direct contact with the transparent substrate and a gap is present between the graphene layer and the transparent substrate. An electrolyte is applied onto the composite layer of the transparent electrode, then a cathode is applied onto the electrolyte to ionically and electrically connect the cathode to the transparent electrode.