▎ 摘　　要

NOVELTY - Graphene is synthesized by creating synthesis gas species from hydrothermal heating of carbonaceous material in reaction chamber, collecting, directing, and removing resulting vapors from reaction chamber to substrate, and depositing graphene on substrate surface. USE - Synthesis of graphene. ADVANTAGE - The method uses a wide range of possible carbonaceous feedstock reactants to produce graphene and graphitic materials without requiring use of toxic, explosive, caustic, complex, or inexpensive materials. The hydrothermal routes to graphene synthesis are safe, industrially scalable, and cost effective. DETAILED DESCRIPTION - INDEPENDENT CLAIMS are included for: (1) graphene oxide synthesis which involves creating synthesis gas species in the presence of oxidizing agent from hydrothermal heating of carbonaceous material in a reaction chamber, collecting, directing, and removing resulting vapors from reaction chamber to substrate, and depositing graphene oxide on substrate surface; (2) graphene synthesis which involves applying carbonaceous vapor containing 1-5 carbon-containing radicals to aqueous solution and recovering graphene from surface of aqueous solution; (3) graphene oxide synthesis which involves applying carbonaceous vapor containing 1-5 carbon-containing radicals to aqueous solution and recovering graphene oxide from surface of aqueous solution; (4) graphene hydrogel synthesis which involves applying carbonaceous vapor containing 1-5 carbon-containing radicals to aqueous solution and recovering graphene hydrogel layer from aqueous solution; (5) composite fabrication which involves applying graphene hydrogel to liquid composite mixture before curing into a solid and curing the composite mixture into a solid; (6) composite fabrication which involves applying graphene oxide hydrogel to liquid composite mixture before curing into a solid and curing composite mixture into a solid; (7) graphene synthesis which involves applying cyclic-carbon containing aqueous solution to coat substrate that is sufficient to withstand heat of pyrolysis of aqueous solution, pyrolyzing aqueous solution coating on substrate under conditions to produce graphene, and recovering graphene from substrate surface; and (8) surface graphitized abrasive nanoparticle synthesis which involves ball-milling carbonaceous material in the presence of solvent to create slurry, adding metal oxide powder or nano-powder to the slurry, and recovering surface graphitized abrasive nanoparticles from the slurry. DESCRIPTION OF DRAWING(S) - The drawing shows a schematic diagram of a combination ultrasonic/inertial cavitation-inducing reactor.