▎ 摘　　要

NOVELTY - The interlayer has an interlayer body formed of carbon material and sulfonated porous aromatic framework particles (SPAF), where the carbon material is graphene, graphite, carbon nanotubes, carbon nano-fiber, and/or conductive polymer. and ratio of carbon material to SPAF is in specific range and the SPAF are rigid aromatic open-framework structure constructed by covalent bonds. The SPAF comprises median pore, where diameter of the median pore is less than 100 millimetter, where the SPAF comprises a combination of micropores, mesopores and macropores. USE - Interlayer for use in an electrochemical cell of an energy storage device e.g. lithium-sulfur batteries or vanadium redox flow batteries (all claimed). Users include but are not limited to battery interlayer, redox flow battery interlayer, or fuel cell interlayer, lithium-sulfur battery interlayer or a vanadium redox flow battery interlayer. ADVANTAGE - The interlayer controls transport of ions and provides a physical barrier between two electrodes to prevent electrical short circuit while enabling ionic transport. DETAILED DESCRIPTION - INDEPENDENT CLAIMS are also included for: an electrochemical cell a method for improving cycling stability of a battery a preparing of an interlayer for an electrochemical cell. DESCRIPTION OF DRAWING(S) - The drawing shows a schematic view of an interlayer.