▎ 摘　　要

NOVELTY - A sensor for an analyte, comprises a first channel including a first complex including a nanoparticle or graphene and a first polymer, where the first channel detects a stimulus within a plant; and a second channel including a second complex including a nanoparticle or graphene and a second polymer, where the second channel detects a reference property within the plant. USE - The sensor is used for analyzing a sample for an analyte (claimed). ADVANTAGE - The nanoparticles above can interface with organelles, specifically, plant organelles ex vivo and in vivo to enable novel or enhanced functions. The nanoparticles can interface with intact photosynthetic organisms or intact cells of photosynthetic organisms ex vivo and in vivo to enable novel or enhanced functions. For example, the assembly of nanoparticle complexes within chloroplast photosynthetic machinery has the potential to enhance solar energy conversion through augmented light reactions of photosynthesis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging while imparting novel sensing capabilities to living plants. DETAILED DESCRIPTION - INDEPENDENT CLAIMS are included for: (1) a green plant including the sensor defined above; and (2) analyzing a sample for an analyte by providing a sensor defined above; exposing the sensor to a sample; monitoring a first signal of the first channel and a second signal of the second channel; and determining a presence of the analyte in the sample based on the first signal and the second signal.