▎ 摘　　要

NOVELTY - A defogging, defrosting, and de-icing structure (110), comprises: at least one optically transparent member; at least one electrical strip (116) extending along surface of the optically transparent member; and optically transparent composite including a matrix, and predetermined amount of graphene, where the amount based upon predetermined transparency for the structure and a predetermined thermal conductivity of the structure, and the structure is configured such that the graphene functions as a thermal conductor for uniform heating of the composite and not electrical conductor. USE - For vehicles, automobiles, trucks, motorcycles, buses, motor homes, planes, helicopters, boats, trains, or buildings (claimed); and for making various aerospace components (such as windshields, mirrors, windows, backlights and headlights). ADVANTAGE - The defrosting, defogging, and de-icing structures are used in automobiles and other vehicles during inclement weather to increase visibility and melt snow, frost or ice. The incorporation of the graphene into the composite allows the composite to uniformly distribute heat delivered to it, thus enabling homogeneous defrosting/defogging/de-icing. The graphene is electrically isolated from a heat source such that the graphene enhances thermal conduction of the composite. This leads to uniform heating of the composite and thus the structure, which in turn efficiently and quickly defogs, defrosts, or de-ices the structure. The enhanced thermal conductivity also enables defrosting, defogging, or de-icing to take place in a relatively short time frame. Because the composite is included as a coating adjacent to the substrate (i.e. optically transparent or opaque member), the substrate/member itself not need to include conductive materials. This is believed to decrease the manufacturing cost. DETAILED DESCRIPTION - A defogging, defrosting, and de-icing structure (110), comprises: at least one optically transparent member; at least one electrical strip (116) extending along at least one surface of the optically transparent member; and an optically transparent composite established on the surface of the optically transparent member such that the composite is in thermal communication with the electrical strip, where the composite includes a matrix, and a predetermined amount of graphene, where the predetermined amount based upon a predetermined transparency for the defogging or defrosting structure and a predetermined thermal conductivity of the defogging or defrosting structure, and the structure is configured such that the graphene functions as a thermal conductor for uniform heating of the composite and not an electrical conductor. The structure further comprises electrical leads (118) operatively connecting an electrical source to the electrical strip. An INDEPENDENT CLAIM is included for defrosting, defogging, or de-icing using the structure involving selectively transmitting electrical current to the electrical strip, thus uniformly heating the composite via thermal conductivity to raise a surface temperature of the defogging or defrosting structure, where the uniform heating reduces a time for defrosting or defogging. DESCRIPTION OF DRAWING(S) - The figure shows a back view of an automobile having defogging, defrosting, and de-icing structure as the rear window. Vehicle (100) Defogging, defrosting, and de-icing structure (110) Electrical strip (116) Electrical leads (118) Protective coating (120) Rear window (122)