▎ 摘　　要

NOVELTY - System (100) comprises a substrate (110) having a three-dimensional photonic crystal element (120) directly coupled to it, where the three-dimensional photonic crystal element is at least partially coated with oriented graphene flakes (130). USE - The system is useful in solar cells, optical sensors, and optical modulators. ADVANTAGE - The system: avoids the need for large, bulky electrodes to be placed in multiple areas of the sample for electro-optic control of silicon photonic structures; and coats the silicon structures with graphene, thus avoiding difficultly of placing the material onto regions of interest and in the desired orientation. DETAILED DESCRIPTION - An INDEPENDENT CLAIM is also included for a system (S1) comprising a substrate having many three-dimensional photonic crystal elements directly coupled to it, where each of the three-dimensional photonic crystal elements is coated with oriented graphene flakes, and at least one optical component contained within the many three-dimensional photonic crystal elements. DESCRIPTION OF DRAWING(S) - The figure shows a perspective view of a graphene coated, undoped photonic bandgap structure configured as an electro-optically tunable optical filter. System (100) Substrate (110) Photonic crystal element (120) Graphene flakes (130) Contacts (140)