▎ 摘　　要

NOVELTY - Carbon nano-onions are formed by adding greater than or equal to 1 carbon material to a vessel; and annealing greater than or equal to 1 carbon material in the vessel at 1000-4000 degrees C for 1 minute-24 hours. USE - Formation of carbon nano-onions for electrode and supercapacitor (all claimed). ADVANTAGE - The method produces high quantities of carbon nano-onions of uniform size at a low cost due to the low cost of the raw materials. The electrode material has enhanced power density. DETAILED DESCRIPTION - INDEPENDENT CLAIMS are included for: (1) forming carbon nano-onions which involves mixing copper chloride hydrate and calcium carbide in a vessel; annealing the mixture in the vessel at 1-1500 degrees C for 1 minute-24 hours to form a product; cooling the annealed product to ambient temperature; filtering the annealed product with greater than or equal to 1 filtering agent; rinsing the filtered product with greater than or equal to 1 rinsing agent; and heating the rinsed product at 1-200 degrees C for 1 minute-24 hours; (2) method of nitrogen or hydrogen functionalizing carbon materials which involves adding greater than or equal to 1 carbon material to a plasma chamber; heating greater than or equal to 1 carbon material in the plasma chamber at a temperature of 50-400 degrees C and a pressure of 100-10000 Pa in the presence of nitrogen gas or hydrogen gas for 1 minute-12 hours; exposing greater than or equal to 1 carbon material to plasma in the plasma chamber for 1 minute-6 hours; and cooling greater than or equal to 1 carbon material to ambient temperature; (3) method of oxygen functionalizing carbon materials which involves heating greater than or equal to 1 carbon material in an oxidizing solution comprising sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and ammonium persulfate at 75-125 degrees C; cooling greater than or equal to 1 carbon material in the oxidizing solution to a temperature of 30-70 degrees C; filtering greater than or equal to 1 carbon material out of the oxidizing solution; and drying greater than or equal to 1 carbon material; (4) method of amine functionalizing carbon materials which involves adding greater than or equal to 1 carbon material to UV chamber having a pressure of 100-5000 Pa; and exposing greater than or equal to 1 carbon material to UV light in the presence of ammonia gas in UV chamber for 1 min to 12 hours; (5) forming polyaniline/carbon composite which involves mixing aniline monomer, ethanol, and hydrochloric acid to form a first suspension; adding greater than or equal to 1 carbon material to the solution to form a second suspension; ultrasonicating the second suspension for 1 minute-6 hours; cooling the second suspension while stirring the second suspension to a temperature of - 10 to 15 degrees C; adding a mixture comprising ammonium persulfate and hydrochloric acid to the second suspension to form a third suspension comprising a polyaniline/carbon composite while maintaining the temperature of the third suspension to - 10 to 15 degrees C; stirring the third suspension for 1-72 hours; filtering the polyaniline/carbon composite out of the third suspension; and drying the polyaniline/carbon composite; (6) electrode comprising a polyaniline/carbon composite; and greater than or equal to 1 carbon material; and (7) supercapacitor comprising a first contact layer; a first carbon nano-onion electrode layer on a side of the first contact layer; an electrolyte layer on a side of the first carbon nano-onion electrode layer opposite the first contact layer, the electrolyte layer comprising an electrolyte and a separator comprising polyethylene; a second carbon nano-onion electrode layer on a side of the electrolyte layer opposite the first carbon nano-onion electrode layer; and a second contact layer on a side of the second carbon nano-onion electrode layer opposite the electrolyte layer.