▎ 摘　　要

NOVELTY - Detecting translocation events associated with first target molecule while avoiding multiple binding events with respect to first target molecule, comprises obtaining an assembly including a first graphene sheet bounded by first and second solid-state membranes (34) and a nanopore extending through the graphene sheet and each of the solid-state membranes; bonding receptors selective to the first target molecule only to the first graphene sheet; introducing an electrolyte solution to the nanopore; applying electric potential across the nanopore; and detecting ionic current through the nanopore. USE - The methods are useful for detecting translocation events associated with first target molecule while avoiding multiple binding events with respect to the first target molecule; and for simultaneous measurement of ionic current through nanopore and multiple tunneling currents (all claimed). ADVANTAGE - The methods may provide one or more of the following advantages: (a) allows precise control and variability in functionalizing pore surfaces; (b) allows control over the position(s) of binding site(s); (c) facilitates measurement of single-binding events; (d) facilitates avoidance of multiple binding events within a nanopore; (d) allows multiple receptor functionalization with only a single binding event; (e) enhances binding probability of a single binding event; (f) facilitates control of motion of target molecule(s) through a nanopore; (g) increases capture rate and hence event rate; (h) spatially track the motion of target molecules individually in a nanopores; (i) allows functionalization of different nanopores in a single device for targeting different target molecules; (j) facilitates estimation of individual current signals of individual molecules from a combination of a composite ionic signal and a tunneling current signal; (and k) allows the use of different tunneling current signatures to differentiate between different target molecule types within nanopores, as well as between different conformations or orientations relative to the nanopores of the same molecules. DETAILED DESCRIPTION - Detecting translocation events associated with a first target molecule while avoiding multiple binding events with respect to the first target molecule, comprises obtaining an assembly including a first graphene sheet bounded by first and second solid-state membranes (34) and a nanopore extending through the graphene sheet and each of the solid-state membranes, the nanopore having an axis, the graphene sheet being positioned at a selected position with respect to the nanopore axis; bonding receptors selective to the first target molecule only to the first graphene sheet; introducing an electrolyte solution to the nanopore; applying an electric potential across the nanopore; and detecting ionic current through the nanopore. INDEPENDENT CLAIMS are: (1) a method for simultaneous measurement of ionic current through a nanopore and multiple tunneling currents, comprising obtaining an assembly including graphene sheets in alternating sequence with solid state membranes and a nanopore extending through the graphene sheets and solid state membranes; introducing an electrolyte solution to the nanopore; applying an electric potential across the nanopore; detecting ionic current through the nanopore, and detecting tunneling currents within the graphene sheets simultaneously with the step of detecting ionic current through the nanopore; and (2) a system comprising an assembly including graphene layers (32) in alternating sequence with solid state membranes; nanopores extending through the graphene layers and solid state membranes, and the graphene layers being electrically connected to detectors configured for detecting tunneling currents within the graphene layers associated with charged molecules within the nanopores. DESCRIPTION OF DRAWING(S) - The drawing shows a schematic view of composite nanopore. Electrodes (28, 29) Nanopore structure (30) Single graphene layer (32) Membranes (34) Reservoirs (36)