▎ 摘　　要

NOVELTY - The method involves removing a passivation layer on a first lithium (Li) containing surface (5) of the lithium-containing electrode (1), by applying a graphene source to the first Li-containing surface of the electrode, and forming a protective layer (4) adjacent to a portion of the first Li-containing surface. The protective layer comprises graphene. The protective layer has a thickness of about 0.4 nm to about 200 nm. The graphene source is selected from graphite, graphite nanoplate, multilayer graph, graphene oxide, carbon black, and their combination. The graphene source is in the form of particles, a paper or a roll. The passivation layer comprises lithium oxide, lithium carbonate, lithium nitride, lithium hydroxide, or their combination. The protective layer is bonded to the first Li-containing surface by non-covalent interactions. USE - Method of forming a protective layer on an electrode such as lithium-containing electrodes e.g. lithium metal negative electrode for lithium-containing electrochemical cells such as lithium-ion batteries used in hybrid electric vehicle or extended-range electric vehicle. ADVANTAGE - A protective layer of graphene can prevent and/or reduce the growth of lithium dendrites and the formation of mossy lithium on the Li-containing electrode. The protective layer function as an artificial solid electrolyte inter-phase (SEI) on Li-containing electrode and improves the cycling efficiency of electrochemical cell by suppressing lithium dendrite growth and mossy lithium formation. DESCRIPTION OF DRAWING(S) - The drawings show the schematic sectional views of the formation of protective layer on an electrode. Lithium-containing electrode (1) Substrate (2) Protective layer (4) First Li-containing surface (5) Second Li-containing surface (6)