▎ 摘　　要

NOVELTY - Non-transition metal catalyst comprises catalytically-active graphene oxide or catalytically active graphite oxide, where the catalyst has a transition metal content of less than 1 part per million. USE - The non-transition metal catalyst is useful in oxidation, hydration, dehydrogenation, condensation, or polymerization reactions or auto-tandem oxidation-hydration-condensation reactions. ADVANTAGE - The non-transition metal catalyst: minimizes or eliminates the problems associated with metal contamination of the reaction end product; and can be prepared at reduced cost. DETAILED DESCRIPTION - INDEPENDENT CLAIMS are also included for: (1) a graphene oxide or graphite oxide catalyst having carbon (at least 25%) and oxygen (at least 0.01%) as measured by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS); (2) a graphene oxide or graphite oxide catalyst having graphene oxide or graphite oxide with a carbon-to-oxygen ratio of at least 0.5:1; (3) a catalyst (A); (4) a catalyst comprising catalytically-active graphene oxide or graphite oxide, where the catalyst has a carbon-containing surface with islands of an oxygen-containing material on the carbon-containing surface, and the islands have a surface coverage of less than or equal to 1 monolayer; (5) a carbon-containing material, comprising: an extended carbon atom layer; and a layer of a catalytically-active carbon-containing material chemisorbed or physisorbed on a surface of the extended carbon atom layer; (6) a catalyst, comprising a carbon-containing material having at least one fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) feature at 3150/cm, 1685/cm, 1280/cm and 1140/cm , where the carbon-containing material has a surface with the at least one surface moiety; (7) a carbocatalyst (C1) comprising: a carbon-containing material; and a layer of an organic material on a surface of the carbon-containing material, where the layer of the organic material has a surface area of at least 0.01 wt.%; (8) a carbocatalyst (C2) comprising: a solid support; and carbon-containing particles on the solid support, where the carbon-containing particles are formed of the material including graphene, graphite, graphene oxide, graphite oxide or oxidized carbon; (9) a spent catalyst (SC1), comprising a carbon-containing material having a FT-IR spectrum with the FT-IR feature as above per se, that is attenuated with respect to a fresh catalyst; (10) a spent carbocatalyst (SC2), comprising: a solid support; and carbon-containing particles on the solid support, where each particle has a surface area to circumference ratio of 1 nm to 10000 mu m; (11) a heterogeneous catalyst (HC1), comprising: a solid support; and graphene oxide or graphite oxide particles on the solid support; (12) a heterogeneous catalyst (HC2) having graphene oxide or graphite oxide on a solid support, where the catalyst has a graphene oxide or graphite oxide content of at least 0.0001 wt.%; (13) a graphene oxide or graphite oxide-containing system, comprising: a source of a carbon-containing reactant; and a reactor having a graphene oxide or graphite oxide-containing catalyst downstream from the source of the carbon-containing reactant, where the reactor is in fluid communication with the source of the carbon-containing reactant; (14) a fluidized bed reactor, comprising: a housing having a reactor inlet and a reactor outlet downstream from the reactor inlet; and catalyst particles in the housing, where the catalyst particles comprises graphene oxide or graphite oxide; (15) a shell-and-tube reactor, comprising: a housing having a reactor inlet and a reactor outlet downstream from the reactor inlet; and at least one tube in fluid communication with the reactor inlet and the reactor outlet, where the tubes have at least one inner surface having graphene oxide or graphite oxide; (16) forming (M1) a graphene oxide or graphite oxide catalyst from a nascent catalyst, comprising: providing a nascent catalyst containing graphene or graphite to a reaction chamber; contacting the nascent catalyst with at least one acid; and contacting the nascent catalyst with a chemical oxidant; (17) forming (M2) a graphene oxide or graphite oxide catalyst from a nascent catalyst, comprising: providing a nascent catalyst to a reaction chamber, where the nascent catalyst comprises graphene or graphite on solid support; heating the nascent catalyst in the reaction chamber to an elevated temperature; and contacting the nascent catalyst with the chemical oxidant; (18) forming (M3) a graphene oxide or graphite oxide catalyst from a nascent catalyst, comprising: providing a nascent catalyst containing graphite to a reaction chamber; contacting the nascent catalyst with at least one acid; and contacting the nascent catalyst with sodium chlorate, potassium chlorate or potassium perchlorate; (19) forming carbocatalyst comprising: providing the carbon-containing material in a reaction chamber; and contacting the carbon-containing material in the reaction chamber with an oxidizing chemical until the carbon-to-oxygen ratio of the carbon-containing material is less than or equal to 1000000 to 1; and (20) forming oxidized graphite or oxidized graphene, comprising: providing a graphite or graphene substrate in reaction chamber; and contacting the graphite or graphene substrate with an oxidizing chemical until an infrared spectroscopy spectrum of the graphite or graphene substrate exhibits at least one FT-IR feature as above per se.