▎ 摘 要
NOVELTY - Method for activating toll-like receptor (TLR) in a cell involves contacting the cell with graphene oxide to activate at least one of TLR-2, TLR-4, TLR-7 and TLR-9 in the cell, where at least one of TLR-2, TLR-4, TLR-7 and TLR-9 are activated in the cell. USE - The method is useful for activating TLR in a cell, preferably immune cell (all claimed) for inducing autophagy in a cell. ADVANTAGE - The method enables to activate TLR in a cell without revealing apparent apoptosis after treatment of the graphene oxide.