▎ 摘　　要

NOVELTY - Inducing (M1) autophagy in a cell involves contacting the cell with graphene oxide, where the cell expresses at least one of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) and TLR-9. USE - For inducing autophagy in a cell, where the cell is a cancer cell (including an ovarian cancer cell, a brain cancer cell, a prostate cancer cell, a cervical cancer cell, a lung cancer cell, a liver cancer cell or a colon cancer cell) and an immune cell (including a primary immune cell); for activating toll-like receptor in a cell; and for potentiating an antitumor immune response in a subject (claimed). ADVANTAGE - The method demonstrates that treatment of cells with graphene oxide simultaneously triggers autophagy and mainly TLR4/TLR9-regulated inflammatory responses. DETAILED DESCRIPTION - An INDEPENDENT CLAIM is also included for activating (M2) toll-like receptor in a cell involving contacting the cell with graphene oxide in an amount effective to activate at least one of TLR-2, TLR-4, TLR-7 and TLR-9 in the cell, where at least one of TLR-2, TLR-4, TLR-7 and TLR-9 are activated in the cell.