▎ 摘　　要

NOVELTY - Composition comprises (i) a functionalized graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticle comprising poly ethyl eneimine (PEI) (GO-PEI, GP), and (ii) a microbial antigen, vaccine, and/or pharmaceutical agent. USE - The composition is used for vaccine for inhibiting microbial infection, treating microbial infection, and inducing immune response in subject such as mucosal immune response, preferably production of immunoglobulin (Ig)A antibody, IgG antibody, interleukin (IL)-6 cytokine production, and/or tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha ), delivering antigen, vaccine, and/or pharmaceutical agent to mucosal surface of subject (all claimed). ADVANTAGE - The composition minimizes any degradation of the active ingredient and minimizes any adverse side effects in the subject. DETAILED DESCRIPTION - An INDEPENDENT CLAIM is included for a method for making a vaccine to a microbial antigen, which involves (a) obtaining a graphene oxide (GO) powder, (b) ultrasonically processing GO flakes in an ice bath until the GO particles are less than 500nm in diameter using tip ultrasonic processing, (c) adding polyethyleneimine (PEI) and ultrasonically processing, (d) activating the GO-PEI with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC), and (e) adding the microbial antigen to the activated GO-PEI particles at a GO-PEI to silver weight-to-weight ratio of 10:1-1:10.