▎ 摘　　要

NOVELTY - Host material comprises crumpled graphene balls operably defining a scaffold having volumes and voids inside and in between the crumpled graphene balls so as to allow uniform and stable lithium deposition/dissolution inside and in between the crumpled graphene balls without electrode volume fluctuations or with sufficiently small electrode volume fluctuations. USE - The host material is useful for stabilizing a lithium metal electrode, where the electrode is useful in energy storage device i.e. battery (all claimed). ADVANTAGE - The host material: utilizes the crumpled graphene balls, which are resistant to aggregation or deformation, lithiophilic with high lithium diffusivity, and conductive and chemical and mechanical stable; and provides device, which has a performance with scalable lithium loading up to 10 mAh cm-2 for the lithium metal electrode with a thickness of 120 mu m within tolerable volume fluctuation, a performance with a stable Coulombic efficiency of 97.5% for 750 cycles; and a performance with plating/stripping lithium up to 12 mAh cm-2 on the lithium metal electrode with a thickness of 40 mu m without dendrite growth (claimed). DETAILED DESCRIPTION - INDEPENDENT CLAIMS are also included for: (1) forming crumpled graphene balls, comprising nebulizing a graphene oxide aqueous dispersion into aerosol droplets, and forming crumpled graphene balls by solvent evaporation induced isotropic compression; (2) a lithium metal electrode comprising a scaffold formed of the host material; and (3) an energy storage device comprising the lithium metal electrode.