▎ 摘　　要

NOVELTY - Hybrid hydrogel comprises a decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) and at least one biocompatible conductive nanomaterial. USE - The hybrid hydrogel is useful: as a bioink; in a device; for assessing a tissue-specific biological activity of a compound; for producing an engineered tissue (all claimed), which is useful in fundamental biological research, drug screening, disease modeling applications, pharmacological studies, development of organotypic in vitro model systems, as engineered tissue constructs for replacing damaged tissue in vivo, and understanding the biology of different tissue-specific diseases, their progression and the evaluation of the effects of various treatment modalities; for printing tissues in a high-throughput manner; for reducing graphene oxide to reduced graphene oxide for generating reduced graphene oxide; for modeling fibrotic and hypertrophic ventricular myocardium, in which a stiffer cell microenvironment is desired; for 3D printing of structures e.g. 3D matrices for tissue generation; for producing engineered (artificial) live tissues using 3D printing technology; for assessing tissue-specific response to the stimuli; and for promoting the functional improvements of engineered tissues e.g. cardiac microphysiological systems. ADVANTAGE - The hybrid hydrogel: has tunable mechanical or conductive properties; provides a more instructive microenvironment for proper cell and tissue development; utilizes reduced graphene oxide that can impart high conductivity and mechanical strength, hence results in increased modulus and conductivity; has compressive moduli of 0.1-500 kPa, preferably 10-100 kPa; has average conductivities of 0.01-100 S/m, preferably 0.5-5 S/m; has viscoelastic properties; utilizes the engineered tissues, which can reduce reliance on animal models and non-human cell lines by eliminating mismatches in pharmacokinetics and physiology between species, and induce significant improvements in several metrics of cardiac function, and the developmental gains were translated into clinically relevant physiological responses for downstream applications; and is synergistic. DETAILED DESCRIPTION - INDEPENDENT CLAIMS are also included for: (1) a bioink comprising the hydrogel; (2) a device comprising a two-dimensional or three-dimensional (3D) matrix comprising the hybrid hydrogel; (3) a composition comprising the hydrogel and many cells; (4) producing (M1) an engineered tissue, comprising culturing many precursor cells in the presence of the hydrogel; (5) an engineered tissue produced by the method (M1); and (6) assessing (M2) a tissue-specific biological activity of a compound, comprising contacting the engineered tissue with the compound.