▎ 摘　　要

NOVELTY - Synthesizing graphene comprising: (a) reacting carbon dioxide with a reactant to form a cyclic carbonate, (b) refluxing a reaction mixture comprising at least one solvent and carbonaceous material comprising the cyclic carbonate under conditions that inhibit complete combustion of the carbonaceous material, (c) collecting vapors produced by the reflux of the reaction mixture, (d) directing the vapors to a substrate, where graphene is deposited on the surface of the substrate, and (e) recovering graphene from the surface of the substrate. USE - The method is useful for synthesizing graphene and graphene oxides (all claimed). ADVANTAGE - The method converts the environmentally destructive or undesirable waste fumes, gasses and streams into highly useful and valuable products such as graphene, graphene derivatives and other nanoparticles. DETAILED DESCRIPTION - Synthesizing graphene comprising: either (a) reacting carbon dioxide with a reactant to form a cyclic carbonate, or collecting waste product from a process that comprises the complete or partial hydrothermal carbonization of carbonaceous material or the extraction of carbonaceous material from the earth, (b) refluxing a reaction mixture comprising at least one solvent and carbonaceous material comprising the cyclic carbonate or the waste product promoting polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon formation under conditions that inhibit complete combustion of the carbonaceous material, (c) collecting vapors produced by the reflux of the reaction mixture, (d) directing the vapors to a substrate, where graphene is deposited on the surface of the substrate, and (e) recovering graphene from the surface of the substrate; or (a1) collecting vapors from a process that comprises the complete or partial hydrothermal carbonization of carbonaceous material, (b1) directing the collected vapors to a substrate, where graphene is deposited on the surface of the substrate and (c1) recovering graphene from the surface of the substrate; or (a2) collecting vapors from a process that comprises the extraction of carbonaceous material from the earth or the processing of petroleum-based materials, (b2) refluxing a reaction mixture comprising at least one solvent, at least one carbonaceous material comprising the waste product and hydrogen gas promoting polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon formation under conditions that inhibit complete combustion of the carbonaceous material, (c2) collecting vapors produced by the reflux of the reaction mixture, (d2) directing the vapors to a substrate, where graphene is deposited on the surface of the substrate and (e2) recovering graphene from the surface of the substrate. INDEPENDENT CLAIMS are included for: synthesizing graphene oxide comprising: either (a4) reacting carbon dioxide with a reactant to form a cyclic carbonate, or collecting waste product from a process that comprises the complete or partial hydrothermal carbonization of carbonaceous material or the extraction of carbonaceous material from the earth, (b4) refluxing a reaction mixture comprising at least one solvent, at least one oxidizer and carbonaceous material comprising the cyclic carbonate or the waste product promoting polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon formation under conditions that inhibit complete combustion of the carbonaceous material, (c4) collecting vapors produced by the reflux of the reaction mixture, (d4) directing the vapors to a substrate, where graphene oxide is deposited on the surface of the substrate and (e4) recovering graphene oxide from the surface of the substrate; or (a5) collecting vapors from a process that comprises the complete or partial hydrothermal carbonization of carbonaceous material, (b5) directing the collected vapors to a substrate, where graphene oxide is deposited on the surface of the substrate and (c5) recovering graphene oxide from the surface of the substrate; or (a6) collecting vapors from a process that comprises the extraction of carbonaceous material from the earth or the processing of petroleum-based materials, (b6) refluxing a reaction mixture comprising at least one solvent, at least one carbonaceous material comprising the waste product and hydrogen gas promoting polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon formation under conditions that inhibit complete combustion of the carbonaceous material, (c6) collecting vapors produced by the reflux of the reaction mixture, (d6) directing the vapors to a substrate, where graphene oxide is deposited on the surface of the substrate and (e6) recovering graphene oxide from the surface of the substrate.