▎ 摘　　要

NOVELTY - Multi-layered carbon-based scaffolded structure comprises: an electrically conductive substrate; a first contiguous film deposited on the electrically conductive substrate and comprising a first concentration of three-dimensional (3D) self-assembled binder-less multi-modal mesoporous carbon-based particles comprising electrically conductive 3D aggregates formed of graphene sheets and sintered together to define a 3D hierarchical open porous structure comprising mesoscale structuring in combination with micron-scale fractal structuring, and a porous arrangement formed in 3D hierarchical open porous structure and containing a liquid electrolyte configured to provide ion transport through interconnected porous channels in 3D hierarchical open porous structure, a respective porous channel of porous channels; and a second contiguous film deposited on first contiguous film and comprising a second concentration of 3D self-assembled binder-less multi-modal mesoporous carbon-based particles. USE - The structure is useful: for manufacturing graded battery electrode; and in 3D self-assembled multi-modal mesoporous electrode for electrochemical cell (all claimed). ADVANTAGE - The method provides graphene sheets with a natural evolution in the direction of enhanced energy storage density. DETAILED DESCRIPTION - INDEPENDENT CLAIMS are also included for: (1) electrochemical cell comprising anode containing anode active material and cathode containing cathode active material; (2) manufacturing graded battery electrode; and (3) producing 3D self-assembled multi-modal mesoporous electrode for electrochemical cell.