▎ 摘　　要

NOVELTY - Carbon composite material, comprises: many spaced graphene sheets, each sheet having opposed generally planar surfaces; and many functionalized carbonaceous particles, where at least some functionalized carbonaceous particles are disposed between any two adjacent graphene sheets, each respective at least some functionalized carbonaceous particle is attached to both respective any two adjacent graphene sheets, each respective graphene sheet comprises at least one layer of graphene, and at least portions of respective any two adjacent graphene sheets are oriented parallel with one another. USE - The carbon composite material is useful in an energy storage device (claimed), in catalysis, biomedical science, polymer science and energy science. ADVANTAGE - The carbon composite material exhibits a high specific capacitance of 570 F/g and an enhanced rate capability; and has good electron conductivity, low diffusion resistance to protons/cations, and high electro active areas. DETAILED DESCRIPTION - INDEPENDENT CLAIMS are also included for: (1) manufacturing a high surface area graphene composite material, comprising: (a) removing residual salts and acids from graphite oxide to yield purified graphite oxide; (b) exfoliating the purified graphite oxide to yield graphite oxide sheets; (c) functionalizing carbonaceous particles with hydrophilic radicals; (d) infiltrating graphite oxide sheets with functionalized carbonaceous particles; (e) anchoring functionalized carbonaceous particles onto graphite oxide sheets to yield particle-treated graphite oxide sheets; and (f) reducing particle-treated graphite oxide sheets to yield graphene sheets; (2) an energy storage device, comprising: (a1) an energy storage portion; and (b1) two electrodes, each respective electrode operationally connected to the energy storage portion, where at least one electrode further comprises many stacked generally parallel graphene layers, and the functionalized carbon particles disposed between respective adjacent graphene layers for propping respective adjacent graphene layers apart; (3) an energy storage apparatus, comprising: an electrochemical cell; and (b1) as above per se; (4) method (I) of etching graphene, comprising: identifying a graphene surface to be etched; positioning platinum particles on the graphene surface; elevating the temperature of the graphene surface to 800 degrees C; placing the graphene surface into a hydrogen gas environment; initiating removal of carbon atoms from the graphene surface through hydrogenation at defect sites adjacent platinum nanoparticles; and etching embedded nanostructures into the graphene surface; and (5) method of (II) storing gas, comprising: identifying a multilayer graphene structure defining the graphene layers separated by carbon particles positioned between respective graphene layers, where the multilayer graphene structure has a specific surface area of at least 1200 m2/g; and adsorbing gas onto the multilayer graphene structure.