▎ 摘　　要

NOVELTY - The actuator comprises unzipped or clamped graphene oxide that elongates and/or contracts on electron and/or hole injection. The graphene oxide has a zig-zag configuration and an armchair configuration, where oxygen atoms of the graphene oxide are aligned along a zig-zag direction and of a graphene lattice and aligned along an armchair direction of the graphene lattice. The oxygen atoms are assembled on only one side of the graphene lattice in a symmetrical configuration. USE - The actuator is useful: for micro or nanoelectro-mechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS) applications; as an artificial muscle, a part of a switch such as a single-use switch or a switch used in fiber optic communications, a broadband resonator, a part of a robotic actuator for minimally invasive surgery and an electromechanical carbon nanotube extruder; and in optical zoom lenses and/or autofocus lenses and electromechanical valves and controllable channels for micro and/or nanofluidic devices (all claimed), where the optical zoom lenses and/or the autofocus lenses are useful in mobile phones such as smart phones and digital cameras. ADVANTAGE - The actuator has high strain performance. DETAILED DESCRIPTION - The actuator comprises unzipped or clamped graphene oxide that elongates and/or contracts on electron and/or hole injection. The graphene oxide has a zig-zag configuration and an armchair configuration, where oxygen atoms of the graphene oxide are aligned along the zig-zag and armchair configuration direction of a graphene lattice. The oxygen atoms are assembled on one side of the graphene lattice in a symmetrical configuration, assembled on both sides of the graphene lattice in an asymmetrical configuration, and assembled in positions such that the graphene oxide has an interchanging periodicity. The elongation or contraction is present in a plane of the graphene oxide and partly reversible e when a certain percentage of elongation is exceeded, and increases with increasing charge injection. The elongation increases up to 0.4% for a 0.15 electron/Coulomb (e/C)-atom charge injection. The contraction increases 0-0.25% for minus 0.15 e/C-atom charge injection. The graphene oxide contracts from an elongated condition, and/or elongates from a contracted condition on removal of the electron or hole injection. The elongation is irreversible on removal of the electron or hole injection. The actuator elongates upon electron and/hole injection, and contracts upon electron and/hole injection. The elongation reverses to 23.8% strain if the elongation reaches about or exactly 28.2% upon removal of the charge. The elongation is fully reversible as the elongation is less than or equal to 6.3%. The actuator further comprises: two graphene oxide layers of a composite; and narrow strips or nanoribbons of graphene oxide. The composite comprises layers of graphene oxide and other materials. All graphene oxide layers of the composite have same configuration or different configurations. The graphene oxide elongates and/or contracts on application of an electric field or magnetic field. The magnetic field is created using electric charge. The actuator is actuated by an alternating current electrical signal. An INDEPENDENT CLAIM is included for a method for delivering a force.