▎ 摘　　要

NOVELTY - A graphene material is produced by selecting material (505, 507) comprising carbon precursor; and converting carbon precursor into laser-induced graphene by utilizing a laser (501) having a focal plane (502) to subject carbon precursor to greater than or equal to 1 exposure of laser irradiation, where step of utilizing the laser is selected from (i) utilizing laser to perform multiple lase passes over a same area of the material and/or (ii) utilizing the laser upon overlapping regions of lased areas (506) of the material. USE - Production of graphene material for water/oil separation processes, anti-icing processes, microsupercapacitors, supercapacitors, electrocatalysis, water splitting catalysts, sensors, and flexible electronics; for coating the inside of a pipe and degrading organic or inorganic pollutants; and for use as a component of membrane water treatment equipment, such as membrane spacer operable for adsorption of pollutants, laser-induced graphene attached to a substrate, laser-induced graphene separated from a substrate, and laser-induced graphene attached to a membrane of the membrane water treatment equipment, and a component in a medical application, preferably blood dialysis application (all claimed). ADVANTAGE - Multiple lasing allows enhancement of the electrical properties by improving the quality of the laser-induced graphene obtained and allows for the formation of laser-induced graphene on naturally occurring substrates, such as cloth, paper, potato skins, coconut shells, cork, and activated carbon, which are inexpensive, abundant, and biodegradable unlike numerous polymer precursors found to yield laser-induced graphene. DETAILED DESCRIPTION - INDEPENDENT CLAIMS are included for: (1) production (A) of graphene material which involves controlling gas atmosphere and fabricating laser-induced graphene by exposing greater than or equal to 1 carbon precursors to a laser source in the controlled atmosphere, where exposure results in formation of laser-induced graphene derived from greater than or equal to 1 carbon precursors; (2) production (B) of graphene material which involves selecting greater than or equal to 1 carbon precursors and fabricating laser-induced graphene by exposing greater than or equal to 1 carbon precursors to greater than or equal to 1 lase; (3) production (C) of graphene material which involves selecting greater than or equal to 1 carbon precursors and fabricating laser-induced graphene by exposing greater than or equal to 1 carbon precursors to thermal or chemical charring, followed by a one lase cycle or greater than one lase; (4) formation (D) of laser-induced graphene on surface of material; (5) material (M) comprising an aromatic polysulfone having graphene on a surface of the material; (6) reduction (E) of microbial load in a bulk solution; (7) treatment (F) of a surface prone to the formation of biofilm; (8) treatment (G) of a surface prone to the formation of biofilm; (9) treatment (H) of a surface prone to the formation of biofilm; (10) use (I) of laser-induced graphene in a process selected from coating the inside of a pipe, degradation of organic or inorganic pollutants, component of membrane water treatment equipment, and/or component in a medical application; (11) fabrication (J) of a membrane for separation application; (12) filtration method; (13) use (L) of a material comprising laser-induced graphene in water treatment process; (14) use (N) of material comprising laser-induced graphene in membrane separation process; (15) use (O) of laser-induced graphene as a catalyst in a reaction; (16) preparation (P) of graphene materials which involves selecting greater than or equal to 1 carbon precursors and direct three-dimensional (3D) printing of graphene materials from the carbon precursors via exposure of greater than or equal to 1 carbon precursors to laser irradiation; (17) 3D graphene structure; and (18) 3D printing apparatus. DESCRIPTION OF DRAWING(S) - The drawing shows a schematic diagram of defocusing on the substrate to increase the laser spot size such that laser shots overlap, resulting in multiple exposures. Laser (501) Focal planes (502, 503, 504) Precursor material (505, 507) Lased areas (506, 508)