▎ 摘　　要

NOVELTY - A lithium fuel cell comprises anode comprising an anode active material and an anode current collector, where anode active material comprises hard carbon material, carbon fiber, carbon nanotube, graphene, graphite, and/or doped carbon material; cathode comprising a cathode active material and a cathode current collector; separator between the anode and the cathode; and electrolyte wetting the anode, the cathode, and the separator. Anode active material is prelithiated with a lithium metal prior to an initial charge, and prelithiated anode active material hosts the lithium metal and comprises negative/positive (N/P) ratio of less than 1 as a function of the cathode active material. USE - A lithium fuel cell selected from lithium-sulfur battery, lithium-air rechargeable battery, electrochemical supercapacitor, and/or hybrid-supercapacitor (all claimed). ADVANTAGE - The lithium full cell exhibits high capacity, high Coulombic efficiency, and long cycling life. DETAILED DESCRIPTION - INDEPENDENT CLAIMS are included for: (1) prelithiating an anode which involves providing anode, providing lithium source, and prelithiating the anode active material using the lithium source to provide a prelithiated anode prior to an initial charge; and (2) making a lithium fuel cell, which involves incorporating the prelithiated anode into a cell comprising a cathode and a separator between the anode and the cathode. DESCRIPTION OF DRAWING(S) - The drawing shows a schematic diagram of a prelithiated carbon-based material obtained through an electrochemical process, and a fuel cell assembly.