▎ 摘　　要

NOVELTY - Manufacturing an electrode (1500) comprises: (a) using precursor particles to form nanoparticles at respective locations on a graphene sheet (1510); and (b) diffusing and re-crystallizing the nanoparticles to form a single-crystal structure on a surface of the graphene sheet. USE - The method is useful for manufacturing an electrode which is useful in a supercapacitor, a lithium-ion battery and an apparatus (all claimed) including fuel cells, power-density devices, energy storage and energy conversion devices. ADVANTAGE - The method: provides a significantly enhanced electron transport rate, electrolyte contact area and structural stability, thus facilitating fast energy storage and conversion applications; and utilizes graphene sheets with low oxidation to impart excellent electrical conductivity to composites with insulating nanomaterials. DETAILED DESCRIPTION - INDEPENDENT CLAIMS are also included for: (1) an apparatus comprising: a graphene sheet; and a single-crystal structure grown on the graphene sheet, where the graphene sheet and single-crystalline structure being configured and arranged as an electrode terminal; (2) a supercapacitor comprising: a first electrode including a graphene sheet and a single-crystal structure grown on the graphene sheet, where the graphene sheet being configured and arranged to collect current; a second electrode; and a separator between the first and second electrodes and configured and arranged to facilitate ion exchange between the first and second electrodes; and (3) a lithium-ion battery comprising: a first electrode including a graphene sheet and a single-crystal active material grown on the graphene sheet; a second electrode; and an electrolyte configured and arranged to facilitate the passage of lithium ions between the first and second electrodes. DESCRIPTION OF DRAWING(S) - The figure shows a graphene-based electrode. Electrode (1500) Graphene-based sheet (1510) Nanorod (1520)