▎ 摘　　要

NOVELTY - A lithium super-battery cell comprises (a) cathode consisting essentially of non-functionalized graphene material having no functional group to capture lithium ion, optional binder, and optional conductive additive; (b) anode comprising an anode current collector; (c) porous separator disposed between the 2 electrodes; (d) lithium-containing electrolyte in physical contact with the 2 electrodes; and (e) lithium source implemented in the anode before first discharge or first charge cycle of the cell. Graphene material is e.g. pristine graphene, graphene fluoride, and/or hydrogenated graphene. USE - A lithium super-battery cell. ADVANTAGE - The super-battery device exhibits a power density significantly higher than the power densities of conventional supercapacitors and dramatically higher than those of conventional lithium ion batteries. This device exhibits an energy density comparable to that of a battery, and significantly higher than those of conventional supercapacitors. The non-functionalized material-based super-battery exhibits a better long-term stability as repeated charges/discharges continue. DETAILED DESCRIPTION - A lithium super-battery cell comprises (a) cathode consisting essentially of non-functionalized graphene material having no functional group to capture lithium ion, optional binder, and optional conductive additive; (b) anode comprising an anode current collector; (c) porous separator disposed between the 2 electrodes; (d) lithium-containing electrolyte in physical contact with the 2 electrodes; and (e) lithium source implemented in the anode before first discharge or first charge cycle of the cell. Graphene material is selected from single-layer sheet or multi-layer platelet of pristine graphene, graphene fluoride, hydrogenated graphene, nitrogenated graphene, boron-doped graphene, nitrogen-doped graphene, metal-doped graphene, and/or reduced graphene oxide with less than or equal to 5 wt.% oxygen. The cathode has interconnected pores, each having a size of 2-50 nm. Lithium source is selected from lithium intercalation compound, lithiated compound, lithiated titanium dioxide, lithium titanate, lithium manganate, and/or lithium transition metal oxide (Li4Ti5O12). Cathode active material has specific surface area of 100-2000 m2/g being in direct physical contact with electrolyte to receive lithium ions or to provide lithium ions, and charge-discharge operation of lithium super-battery cell involves an exchange of lithium ions between anode and cathode. INDEPENDENT CLAIMS are included for: (1) operation of lithium super-battery cell which involves providing lithium super-battery cell comprising anode, lithium source, porous separator, liquid or gel electrolyte, and cathode, where cathode has non-functionalized material having lithium-capturing surfaces and cell has an open-circuit voltage of 0.5-2 volts, releasing lithium ions from lithium source into electrolyte during the first discharge of the cell, and exchanging lithium ions between the anode and the lithium-capturing surfaces of the cathode during a subsequent charge or discharge in a cell operating in a voltage range of 1.5-4.5 volts; (2) operation of lithium super-battery cell which involves providing lithium super-battery cell comprising anode, lithium source, porous separator, electrolyte having initial amount of lithium ions, and cathode, where cathode has material having lithium-capturing surfaces in contact with electrolyte, releasing lithium ions from lithium source into electrolyte during the first discharge of the cell, operating cathode to capture lithium ions from electrolyte and store captured lithium on cathode surfaces, and exchanging amount of lithium ions, greater than initial amount, between anode and lithium-capturing surfaces of cathode during a subsequent charge or discharge operation; and (3) partially surface-mediated lithium ion-exchanging cell comprising cathode consisting essentially of non-functionalized graphene material having no functional group to capture lithium ion, optional binder, and optional conductive additive, anode comprising anode current collector, lithium source, optional binder, and optional conductive additive, where lithium source is implemented in the anode before first discharge or first charge cycle of the cell, porous separator disposed between the 2 electrodes, and lithium-containing electrolyte in physical contact with the 2 electrodes, where charge-discharge operation of the lithium super-battery cell involves an exchange of lithium ions between cathode and anode. DESCRIPTION OF DRAWING(S) - The drawings show schematic diagrams of the structure of super-battery cell before the first discharge or charge cycle, containing anode current collector, lithium source (e.g. lithium foil or surface-stabilized lithium powder), porous separator, liquid electrolyte, nano-structured non-functionalized material at the cathode, the structure of the device after its first discharge operation, where lithium is ionized with the lithium ions diffusing through liquid electrolyte to reach the surfaces of nano-structured cathode and get rapidly captured by these surfaces, and the structure of battery device after being re-charged, where lithium ions are released from the cathode surfaces, diffusing through liquid electrolyte to reach the anode side and get rapidly plated on the surface of the anode current collector or the surface of a layer of lithium.