▎ 摘　　要

NOVELTY - Composition (C1) comprises graphene oxide, where the graphene oxide has an average particle diameter of less than or equal to 1 mu m and has an at least 30% atomic oxygen. USE - The composition is useful in membrane which is used in water permeable device and for making the membrane (all claimed). DETAILED DESCRIPTION - INDEPENDENT CLAIMS are also included for: (1) membrane comprising the composition; (2) a water-permeable device comprising the membrane; (3) generating (M1) composition comprising (a) providing a graphite powder, (b) providing an oxidizing agent and (c) contacting the graphite powder with the oxidizing agent to generate the composition (C1); (4) generating (M2) a composition comprising (a1) heating a saccharide solution to generate a solid powder and (b1) contacting the solid powder with an oxidizing agent including the graphene oxide; (5) generating (M3) a composition comprising (a2) contacting a saccharide composition with an acidic composition and (b2) heating the saccharide composition to generate the composition (C1); (6) generating (M4) a second composition (C2) comprising (a3) contacting a graphite powder with a first oxidizing agent to generate a first composition including graphene oxide and (b2) contacting the first composition (C1) with a second oxidizing agent to generate a second composition (C2) including graphene oxide, where the graphene oxide of the second composition (C2) has an average particle less than or equal to 1 mm and at least 30 wt.% atomic oxygen; and (7) making (M5) a membrane, comprising contacting the composition (C1) or (C2) with an organic solvent.