▎ 摘　　要

NOVELTY - Transparent electrode (114) comprises a transparent substrate (110). A composite layer (112) disposed on the transparent substrate, where the composite layer comprises a graphene layer (106) and a set of nanoparticles (104), where the nanoparticles are embedded in the graphene layer and extend through a thickness of the graphene layer. A ratio of the thickness of the graphene layer to an average diameter of the multiple nanoparticles is 1:1.5 to 1:10. At least a portion of the multiple nanoparticles are in direct contact with the transparent substrate and a gap is present between the graphene layer and the transparent substrate. The transparent substrate consists of one or more selected from the group consisting of quartz, glass, polymethylmethacrylate, polydimethylsiloxane, polymethacrylate, and polycarbonate. USE - Transparent electrode for use in solar cell, photovoltaic cells, dye-sensitized solar cells, transistors, field effect transistors. The solar cell can be amorphous silicon solar cells, biohybrid solar cells, buried contact solar cells, cadmium telluride solar cells, concentrated PV solar cells, copper indium gallium selenide solar cells, dye-sensitized solar cells, gallium arsenide germanium solar cells, hybrid solar cells, luminescent solar concentrator cells, micromorph cells, monocrystalline solar cells, multi-junction solar cells, nanocrystal solar cells, organic solar cells, perovskite solar cells, photoelectrochemical cells, plasmonic solar cells, plastic solar cells, polycrystalline solar cells, polymer solar cells, quantum dot solar cells, solid-state solar cells, thin-film solar cells, and wafer solar cells. ADVANTAGE - The transparent electrode has high electron mobility and light transmittance, and low surface resistivity of the composite layer. DETAILED DESCRIPTION - An INDEPENDENT CLAIM is included for a solar cell, which comprises the transparent electrode, a cathode, and an electrolyte arranged between the transparent electrode and the cathode, where the transparent electrode is in electric communication with the cathode through the electrolyte. DESCRIPTION OF DRAWING(S) - The drawing shows a schematic view of the processing steps of fabricating the transparent electrode: disposing the transparent substrate on the composite layer, removing the CVD substrate, optionally removing the transparent substrate, and optionally placing the composite layer on another substrate. 104Nanoparticles 106Graphene layer 110Transparent substrate 112Composite layer 114Transparent electrode