▎ 摘　　要

NOVELTY - A membrane comprises article (A1) layered on an article (A2). Each article comprises nanoporous membrane, nanoporous graphene sheet supported by the nanoporous membrane, and chemical functionalization covalently bound on one side of the nanoporous graphene sheet opposed to the nanoporous membrane. The articles are layered with the chemical functionalization of both articles facing each other. The chemical functionalization of the article (A1) is crosslinked to the chemical functionalization of the article (A2). USE - Membrane used for purifying water, desalination of seawater, desalination, chemical warfare agent decontamination, radionuclide separation from ground water, and gas separation. DETAILED DESCRIPTION - INDEPENDENT CLAIMS are included for the following: (1) method of using membrane, which involves flowing seawater through the membrane; (2) formation of the membrane, which involves forming an article (A1) and article (A2) by depositing a layer of a diblock copolymer to graphene sheet, etching a minor phase of the diblock copolymer and portion of the graphene in contact with the minor phase to form a nanoporous article comprising nanoporous layer of a polymer and nanoporous graphene sheet, removing the nanoporous layer of a polymer, layering the nanoporous graphene sheet to nanoporous membrane with the nanoporous graphene sheet supported by the nanoporous membrane, removing substrate from the nanoporous graphene sheet opposed to the nanoporous membrane, chemically functionalizing the graphene sheet by covalent bonding to form a functionalized nanoporous article, layering the article (A1) and article (A2) together with the chemical functionalizations facing each other, and crosslinking the chemical functionalization of the article (A1) to the chemical functionalization of the article (A2); and (3) article.