▎ 摘　　要

NOVELTY - Sensor (A) capable of detecting a biomarker in a sample comprises (a) (i) a graphene layer, (ii) several antibodies coupled to the graphene layer, where the antibodies exhibits specific binding to the biomarker, (iii) a reference electrode arranged in vicinity of the graphene layer, (iv) an alternating current (AC) voltage source for applying AC voltage to the reference electrode to generate a time-varying electric field at the graphene surface, and (v) several electrical conductors electrically coupled to the functionalized graphene layer for measuring an electrical property of the functionalized graphene layer. USE - The sensor (A) is useful for detecting biomarker in a sample. The biomarker is chosen from troponin, C-reactive protein, B-type natriuretic peptide, myeloperoxidase, and creatine kinase myocardial band. The biological sample is chosen from blood, urine, saliva, spinal fluid, vaginal secretions, fecal slurries, and pleural lavage fluid (all claimed). The detected biomarker is used as a diagnostic tool for diagnosing one or more disease conditions. DETAILED DESCRIPTION - Sensor (A) capable of detecting a biomarker in a sample comprises (a) (i) a graphene layer, (ii) a several antibodies coupled to the graphene layer, where the antibodies exhibits specific binding to the biomarker, (iii) a reference electrode arranged in vicinity of the graphene layer, (iv) an alternating current (AC) voltage source for applying AC voltage to the reference electrode to generate a time-varying electric field at the graphene surface, and (v) several electrical conductors electrically coupled to the functionalized graphene layer for measuring an electrical property of the functionalized graphene layer, or (b) (i) a test sensing unit for receiving the biological sample and detecting the biomarker in the biological sample if a concentration of the biomarker in the sample is above a threshold, and (ii) a calibration sensing unit for receiving a calibration sample for providing calibration data for use in quantifying the biomarker detected by the test sensing unit, where test sensing unit and the calibration sensing unit comprises graphene layer, several antibodies and several electrical conductors. INDEPENDENT CLAIMS are included for the following: (1) a system capable of detecting a panel of biomarkers in a biological sample, comprising (a) several sensors each configured to detect one of several biomarkers, where sensors comprising (i) graphene layer arranged on an underlying substrate, (ii) several antibodies coupled to the graphene layer, and (iii) several electrical conductors; (2) a sensor (B) capable of detecting troponin in a sample, comprising graphene layer, several anti-troponin antibodies coupled to the graphene layer, and several electrical conductors; and (3) a sensor (C) capable of detecting an analyte in a sample, comprising graphene layer, several antibodies exhibiting specific binding to analyte, reference electrode, AC voltage source, and several electrical conductors.