▎ 摘　　要

NOVELTY - Phosphonium ionic salt (I) is new. USE - (I) is useful for producing a substrate including cellulose, epoxy resins polyacrylates, polyacrylics, polyamides, polycarbonates, polyesters, polyethers, polyglycoside, polyketones, polyimides, polyolefins, polypeptides, polystyrenics, polysulfones, polyurethanes or polyvinyls, or its copolymer, a homopolymer or copolymer of ethylene, propylene, styrene, polyethylene terephthalate, or ethylene propylene diene monomer, cotton, paper, carbon nanotubes, diamond, graphene or glass, a thermoplastic resin or a thermosetting resin, or a film, a layer, a sheet, a board, a powder, a pellet, a bead, a particle, a nanotube, a nanoparticle or a microparticle (all claimed). DETAILED DESCRIPTION - Phosphonium ionic salt of formula ((((R1-CH2)(Z-(CH2)2))P+-((CH2)2-Rf1n)2)(A-)) (I) is new. Rf1n = (CF2)n-1CF3; n = 1-25; R1 = e.g. CH2(CF2)m-1CF3, -NO2, -CN -OH, -SH, -OCH3, -SCH3, -NH2, 2-20C-alkenyl, 1-20C-alkoxy, 1-20C-alkyl, 2-20C-alkynyl, 6-20C-alkyl, 6-12C-aryl, 3-8C-cycloalkyl, amino-1-20C-alkyl, hydroxy-1-6C-alkyl, 3-12C-heterocyclyl or fluorinated 1-20-alkyl; m = 1-25; Z = carbene precursor of formula (-R3-C(-R2)=E); E = =N=N (diazo) or -N=N- (diazirine); R2 = e.g. F, Cl or Br; R3 = absent or a divalent radical of formula (-R1F-L-R1G-); R1F = e.g. 1-10C-alkylene, fluorinated 1-10C-alkylene, hydroxy-1-10C-alkylene or 1-6C-alkoxy-1-10C-alkylene; L = -O-, -S-, -C(O)-, -N(H)-, -N(R1B)-, -C(O)O-, -C(O)N- or absent; R1G = e.g. 1-10C-alkylene, fluorinated 1-10C-alkylene, hydroxy-1-10C-6C-alkoxy-1-10C-alkylene, amino-1-10C-alkylene or 1-6C-alkylamino-1-10C-alkylene; and A- = e.g. F-, Cr-, B-, I-, PF6- or N3-. Full Definitions are given in the DEFINITIONS (Full Definitions) Field. INDEPENDENT CLAIMS are included for: (1) producing a substrate with a fluorinated surface comprising (1) providing a liquid comprising a highly fluorinated (I), where the salt is covalently linked to a diazirine or diazo moiety, (2) exposing a surface of the substrate to the liquid, where the substrate comprises chemical bonds capable of undergoing an insertion reaction with a carbene to coat the surface with the liquid, and (3) generating a carbene reactive intermediate from the diazirine or diazo moiety of the salt on the coated surface to covalently link the salt to the surface; (2) producing a substrate having a hydrophobic surface comprising contacting the substrate with a carbene precursor that is (I), and generating a carbene reactive intermediate from the precursor so that it chemically reacts to form covalent bonds on the surface of the substrate with which it is in contact; (3) increasing the water contact angle of the surface of a substrate comprising the steps (1)-(3) as above per se; (4) a cured coating obtained by exposing (I) to a substrate surface and irradiating the surface with a radiation of 200-400 nm, preferably 300- 400 nm; and (5) a substrate having a fluorinated surface or a hydrophobic surface and (I) (in which Z is -R3-C1a-R2) covalently bonded to its surface. C1a = forming a covalent bond with the surface of the substrate.