▎ 摘　　要

NOVELTY - Method (M1) for removing urea from biological fluids comprises: (a) contacting a fluid comprising urea with a mass of graphene-based material particles; (b) sorbing at least a portion of the urea into or onto the graphene-based material particles to produce a graphene-based material/urea complex; and (c) reducing the level of urea in the fluid where the amount of urea in the graphene based material/urea complex is greater than 25 mg urea/g of graphene-based material. USE - The methods are useful for removing urea from biological fluid for treating the blood of a patient in need of dialysis, treating fluids associated with a patient showing symptoms of kidney disease or kidney failure, and reducing the concentration of urea in the blood of a patient exhibiting signs of kidney disease or kidney failure (all claimed). ADVANTAGE - The method provides efficient and effective removal of the trace quantities of urea that typically remain in purified water. DETAILED DESCRIPTION - INDEPENDENT CLAIMS are also included for: (1) a composition comprising graphene-based material particles and urea sorbed to the graphene-based material where the weight ratio of urea to graphene-based material is greater than 1:10; (2) method (M2) for removing urea from dialysate, comprising contacting a dialysate with graphene-based material, where the dialysate comprising urea, step (b) as above per se, reducing the concentration of urea in the dialysate by greater than 25%, where the graphene-based material/urea complex comprises at least 10 wt.%; (3) a dialysis cartridge comprising graphene-based material; (4) method (M3) for removing urea from biological fluid, comprising contacting a fluid comprising urea with a mass of an intercalation host having interlayer spacing of 2-15 Angstrom , sorbing at least a portion of the urea into or onto the intercalation host to produce an intercalated complex, and reducing the level of urea in the fluid where the amount of urea in the intercalated complex is greater than 25, preferably 700 mg urea/g of intercalation host; (5) method (M4) for removing urea from biological fluid, comprising contacting a fluid comprising urea with a mass of an intercalation host having interlayer spacing equivalent to the size of a urea molecule, plus minus 20%, sorbing at least a portion of the urea into or onto the intercalation host to produce an intercalated complex, and reducing the level of urea in the fluid where the amount of urea in the intercalated complex is greater than 25, preferably 700 mg urea/g of intercalation host; (6) a device comprising graphene-based material, the device configured to accept a fluid comprising urea; (7) method (M5) for removing urea, comprising exposing a graphene-based material sorbent to an atmosphere comprising urea, sorbing urea into or onto the graphene-based materials (GM) sorbent, and reducing the concentration of urea in the atmosphere; (8) a graphene-based material/urea complex comprising at least 10 wt.% urea; (9) storing urea comprising sorbing and/or desorbing urea from the complex; and (10) exfoliating graphene-based materials, comprising contacting a multi-layered graphene-based material with urea, intercalating the urea between adjoining layers in the graphene-based material, and exfoliating the graphene-based material.