▎ 摘　　要

NOVELTY - Use of a nitro-substituted aromatic compound as an electrode material, where the nitro-substituted aromatic compound is (I) or (II) or a copolymer comprising repeat units of (III) and/or (IV). USE - The nitro-substituted aromatic compounds are useful: as an electrode material; in the manufacture of an electrode; in an electrode composite material; as an electrode; or in a mixture or for forming a composite with an aromatic compound (all claimed), where the electrode is useful in e.g. metal-ion batteries, preferably lithium-ion batteries, electrochemical capacitors and electrochemical capacitor display devices e.g. a field emission display (FED), a LCD, and an organic LED (OLED). ADVANTAGE - The nitro-substituted aromatic compounds provides the electrode which when utilized in a lithium-ion battery exhibits highest specific capacity of e.g. greater than 300 milliampere hours/g (mAh/g), along with high voltage of e.g. greater than 2 volts (V). DETAILED DESCRIPTION - Use of a nitro-substituted aromatic compound as an electrode material, where the nitro-substituted aromatic compound is of formulae (I) or (II) or a copolymer comprising repeat units of formula (III) and/or (IV). A1 = an arene or heteroarene (both optionally further substituted by at least one or R5); B1 = an aromatic carbon allotrope, which is optionally doped with at least one heteroatom and optionally further substituted by at least one R5; R1 = at least one -L1-NO2; R2 = =N-, =CH-, or =CR5-; R3, R4 = H or R5; L1 = a covalent bond or a linking moiety; R5 = R6, -X, -NH2, -NR6H, -NR62, -CN, -CHO, -COOH, -COOR6, -COO- M+, -OH, -OR6, or -O- M+; R6 = an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkenylyl or aryl, or heteroaryl; M = metal ion; and X = halo. INDEPENDENT CLAIMS are also included for: (1) an electrode composite material or an electrode comprising the nitro-substituted aromatic compounds; and (2) the nitro-substituted aromatic compounds (I), (II), (III), or (IV).