▎ 摘　　要

NOVELTY - Formation of modified graphene surface involves providing a defect-free graphene monolayer, providing molecules (M1) comprising a binding group in solvent, in which the molecules (M1) further comprise chemically active moiety (A1), interacting at least one aromatic hydrocarbon group of the molecules (M1) and the graphene by forming at least one dense packed (mono)layer of the molecules (M1) on the graphene surface, and reacting the chemically active moiety (A1) of the molecules (M1) with a chemically active moiety (A2) of molecules (M2) forming a thin reaction product layer. USE - Formation of modified graphene surface for forming graphene layer for device e.g. nanoelectromechanical systems, microelectromechanical system, circuit, membrane, energy storage device, electronics, coating, adhesive, sensor, optics, photonics, laser application, touch screen, and/or nanochemical device, and for deoxyribonucleic acid-sequencing, ribonucleic acid-sequencing, analyzing biomolecules, and reproducing biomolecules, and in biological application, biomedical application, molecular diagnosis, in a dispersion, analyzing blood samples, for translocating single strand deoxyribonucleic acid, osmosis, specific adsorption, and biomolecular analysis, and/or as sensor, as membrane, and as a lubricant (all claimed). ADVANTAGE - The method enables formation of modified graphene surface that provides graphene layer having excellent crystallinity, and electrical properties, and enables translocation of reproducible single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid without pore clogging. DETAILED DESCRIPTION - Formation of modified graphene surface involves providing a defect-free graphene monolayer, providing molecules (M1) comprising a binding group in solvent, in which the binding group comprises at least one aromatic hydrocarbon group, preferably at least two aromatic hydrocarbon groups, and the molecules (M1) further comprise chemically active moiety (A1), interacting the at least one aromatic hydrocarbon group of the molecules (M1) and the graphene by forming at least one dense packed (mono)layer of the molecules (M1) on the graphene surface, and reacting the chemically active moiety (A1) of the molecules (M1) with a chemically active moiety (A2) of molecules (M2) forming a thin reaction product layer. INDEPENDENT CLAIMS are included for the following: (1) Defect-free graphene layer, which comprises at least one dense packed thin mono-layer of molecules, the molecules comprising a binding group which comprises at least one aromatic hydrocarbon group, preferably at least two aromatic hydrocarbon groups, the at least one aromatic hydrocarbon group interacting with graphene, a group (G2) connected to the binding group by ester, ether, and peptide, and which is chosen from one or more of alcohols, such as mono-alcohols, alkanediols, alkanetriols, carboxylic acids, ethers, esters, amino acids, amines, amides, alkanes, alkenes, sugars, and their derivatives; (2) Use of graphene layer in a biological application, biomedical application, for molecular diagnosis, for analyzing samples, such as blood samples, as a sensor, for osmosis, as a membrane, for specific adsorption, for biomolecular analysis, in a dispersion, and/or as a lubricant; and (3) method of translocating single strand deoxyribonucleic acid, which involves using at least one graphene layer.